# BharatQR, explained

> BharatQR is India's interoperable payment QR built on the EMVCo merchant-presented format, launched in 2017 by NPCI with the card networks. One code accepts RuPay, Visa and Mastercard as well as UPI. You cannot self-generate one: your acquiring bank or PSP issues it with your merchant credentials.

Source: https://useqr.app/docs/payments/bharatqr-explained · Last reviewed 2026-08-21 · UseQR is free forever, no signup.

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## What BharatQR is

BharatQR is India's interoperable, multi-rail payment QR, launched in **2017** by NPCI
together with the card networks. The goal was one printed code per shop instead of one per
payment scheme: a single standee that a RuPay debit card, a Visa credit card, a Mastercard
and a UPI app can all pay.

Technically it is a profile of the [EMVCo](/glossary/emvco-qr) **merchant-presented** QR
format: the same tag-length-value family used by PIX in Brazil, QRIS in Indonesia and
PayNow in Singapore, compared in
[QR payment standards](/docs/payments/qr-payment-standards-compared). The payload starts
`000201`, carries a sequence of numbered tags, and ends in a CRC16 checksum. It is not a
URL and not a `upi://` link; scan one with a [decoder](/validate) and you see structured
data, not an address.

## What lives inside the code

Each tag holds one fact about the merchant. The load-bearing ones:

| Tag content | What it does |
|---|---|
| Card acceptance identifiers | One per network (RuPay, Visa, Mastercard) pointing at the merchant's acquiring account |
| UPI VPA | Lets UPI apps pay the same code over UPI |
| Merchant category code | The same ISO 18245 [MCC](/glossary/mcc) UPI codes carry in `mc` |
| Merchant name and city | Displayed on the payer's confirmation screen |
| CRC16 | Integrity check over the whole payload |

The multi-rail behaviour follows directly from the structure: the payer's app finds the
identifier it knows how to route. A card app charges the card via the acquiring
relationship; a UPI app pays the embedded VPA. The payer chooses the instrument, and the
merchant prints exactly one code.

## The key practical fact: banks issue it

You do not make a BharatQR code; you **receive** one. The card acceptance identifiers only
mean something because an acquiring bank has provisioned a merchant account behind them,
without that relationship the tags are dead data. So BharatQR arrives as part of merchant
onboarding: sign up with an acquirer or PSP, and the standee, plaque or soundbox-mounted
code turns up with your merchant ID already inside.

That is the whole practical difference from a
[UPI QR code](/docs/payments/upi-qr-code-format), which is an open URI anyone can
[generate free](/upi) with nothing but a VPA. A generator that claims to output BharatQR
without asking for your acquiring credentials is producing a code whose card tags route
nowhere. The two formats are contrasted line by line in
[UPI QR vs BharatQR](/docs/payments/upi-qr-vs-bharatqr).

## Where you see it

- **Bank-issued standees and counter plaques** at merchants with card acceptance:
  supermarkets, petrol pumps, chain retail.
- **Card machine ecosystems**: acquirers bundle a BharatQR sticker with POS terminals so
  the same settlement account serves taps, swipes and scans.
- **Aggregator soundboxes**, where the printed code under the speaker is often BharatQR or
  an EMVCo-family code with UPI embedded.

What you will not see is BharatQR from an individual: a tutor, a landlord, a stall without
a merchant account. That segment is served entirely by plain UPI codes, which is why the
self-service generator ecosystem is UPI-shaped.

## Costs

The code itself costs the merchant nothing beyond the acquiring relationship. But rails
price differently through the same code: UPI-routed payments carry **zero MDR as of 2026**,
while card-routed payments carry the card MDR from the merchant agreement. One standee, two
fee schedules, worth knowing before nudging a customer toward "just scan it".

## FAQ

### What is BharatQR in simple terms?
It is India's bank-issued payment QR that accepts cards and UPI through one code. Launched in 2017, it uses the EMVCo format: card identifiers plus a UPI VPA packed into a single scannable payload.

### How do I get a BharatQR code for my shop?
From your acquiring bank or payment service provider, as part of merchant onboarding. The code embeds your provisioned merchant identifiers, so it cannot be produced by a self-service generator.

### Is BharatQR the same as a UPI QR code?
No. BharatQR is an EMVCo tag-length-value payload carrying card and UPI identifiers; a UPI QR is a upi://pay link carrying only UPI data. UPI apps can usually pay both; card apps can pay only BharatQR.

### Does BharatQR cost more than UPI QR?
The code is free either way. Fees follow the rail the payer uses: UPI payments carry zero MDR as of 2026, while card payments through the same BharatQR code attract the card MDR in your merchant agreement.

## Try it

- https://useqr.app/upi
- https://useqr.app/validate